There has been a paradigm shift from Black's "extension for prevention" to a minimal intervention approach in the recent time. To diagnose earliest stages of enamel demineralization, accurate and reliable detection of white spot lesions is very important. The newer diagnostic aids would enable the dentist to detect and diagnose early such lesions and direct appropriate preventive measures to promote remineralization and conservation of the tooth substance. A high level of caries experience necessitates preventive strategies which are more cost-effective than surgical intervention and restorative procedures. The goal of modern dentistry is to manage white lesions non-invasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression, and to improve strength, esthetics, and function of teeth.

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Recent advances in today's dentistry and the increased awareness among the patients to maintain their dentition have led to conservative treatment approaches, which once would have been opted for removal. In order to carry out the present day mandate, periodontally diseased or carious teeth with involvement of furcation area may be well retained by separation of their roots. This clinical report describes a case of bicuspidization of mandibular first permanent molar with subsequent double crowns restoration, which yielded a satisfactory result in an 11-year-old young female patient.

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Avulsion is one of the most complex kinds of trauma that was believed to result in pulp necrosis and therefore require endodontic treatment. This case demonstrates that in avulsion of immature permanent incisors we should consider the revascularization before starting endodontic treatment. Avulsion of an immature permanent central incisor in a 6 and a ½-year-old girl is presented. The girl was brought immediately to a dental office, and the immature tooth was replanted shortly after the avulsion. During 3 years follow-up, continuation of root development, pulp revascularization and bone-like tissue growth into the pulp chamber were observed. The tooth is vital and asymptomatic with no signs of ankylosis.

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Using twitter, a social networking platform, this study examined parents' perceptions and behaviors related to their child's oral health. Publically available tweets on twitter were extracted from 14 randomly selected nonconsecutive days in December 2012 and January 2013. A total of 1073 tweets meeting the search criteria were included and analyzed. Parents frequently described events related to their children's dental eruption, exfoliation, and grinding on twitter, which accounted for close to half of the tweets. One in three (32%) concerns that parents raised was related to one of these events. Concerns about dental esthetics represented the largest category of concerns (28%) that parents had. The most frequent actions described were related to dental visits (61%) and caries prevention (33%). More than half of the tweets contained an associated attitude of the parents themselves or their children (57%) with 2 in 3 attitudes related to dental settings, such as dental visits, being negative. Twitter can serve as a rich source of data on parental perceptions and behaviors related to their child's oral health. Future research is warranted to better understand how social media can facilitate parental positive attitudes and oral health promotion behaviors.

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Altered dietary habits are becoming etiological factor in the development of dental erosion. Evaluation of changes in microhardness of enamel after exposure to acidic center-filled chewing gums. Exposure of enamel to center filling (concentrated acid) and outer coating along with center filling in artificial saliva (dilute acid) of two chewing gums (Center Fresh and Bubbaloo) to evaluate the difference in microhardness change between primary and permanent enamel, on exposure to concentrated and dilute acids and two chewing gums. A total of 120 primary and permanent molar extracted teeth were painted with acid resistant varnish except a small buccal window and divided into eight groups according to type of dentition, chewing gum and acid exposure. 5 min acid exposures were done twice a day for 5 days. Then, specimens were submitted for microhardness studies. Independent sample t -test and paired t-test were used in statistical analysis. Statistically significant difference in reduction of microhardness is seen between groups exposed to dilute and concentrated acid, reduction of microhardness is more with dilute acids than concentrated acids.; but the difference is seen neither on exposure to two chewing gums nor between primary and permanent enamel. (1) Dilute acid causes a definite reduction in microhardness than concentrated acid. (2) Two types of chewing gums are equally effective. (3) Permanent and primary teeth are equally affected. (4) Outer coating of center-filled chewing gum is not protective against reduction in microhardness of enamel. Therefore, acidic center-filled chewing gums cannot be suggested to children.

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Leukemia, although a rare disease, exceeds a cause of death from many of the acute communicable diseases because of its fatal character. It is characterized by widespread, rapid, and disorderly proliferation of leukocytes. In India, leukemia is the most common childhood cancer with a relative proportion varying between 25% and 40% and continues to be the largest contributor to cancer-related mortality in children. This paper reviews the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, oral complications, and prognosis of pediatric leukemia.

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